An Early Exposure of Over-the-Counter Medicine Basic Knowledge among Elementary School Students: Over-the-Counter, knowledge, students

Fizkha Hanindita; Nyoman Bayu Wisnu Kencana; Flavia Domitilla Erika Setyajati; Agustina Setiawati

doi:10.23887/ijcsl.v7i3.57752

Authors

Fizkha Hanindita Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University
Nyoman Bayu Wisnu Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University
Flavia Domitilla Erika Setyajati University Krodan, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Agustina Setiawati Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23887/ijcsl.v7i3.57752

Keywords:

Elementary school students

Abstract

Recently, self-medication using over-the-counter medicine (OTC) or non-prescription medicine became rapidly popular. Enhancing society's awareness of OTC knowledge and its rational use is greatly significant to promote public health both in adults and children. In the US, a high number of young children are brought to the emergency room due to accidental unsupervised medication each year. Therefore, learning how to self-medicate using OTC at an early age is very critical to improve medication safety in society. This study aims to trained elementary school grades V and IV at the age of 10 to 12 to perceive the basic knowledge of OTC and how to take them safely. This study conducted outreach to students in grades V and VI starting with a pre-test, education dan training, followed by a question-and-answer session, and closed with a post-test. After education and training, the knowledge of the OTC among the students increased, especially significantly in Grade V indicated by post-test score elevating. Thus, this attempt may contribute to increasing the awareness of self-medication using OTC among children.

References

Abdullah, I. S., Chaw, L. L., Koh, D., Hussain, Z., Goh, K. W., Hamid, A. A. A., & Ming, L. C. (2022). Over-the-Counter Medicine Attitudes and Knowledge among University and College Students in Brunei Darussalam: Findings from the First National Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052658

Abel, C., Johnson, K., Waller, D., Abdalla, M., & Goldsmith, C. A. W. (2012). Nonprescription medication use and literacy among New Hampshire eighth graders. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 52(6), 777–782. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2012.11158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2012.11158

Abraham, O., & Chmielinski, J. (2018). Adolescents’ Misuse of Over-The-Counter Medications: The Need for Pharmacist-led Intervention. INNOVATIONS in Pharmacy, 9(3), 4. https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v9i3.979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v9i3.979

Abraham, O., Feathers, A., Mook, H., & Korenoski, A. (2019). The perceived benefits of student pharmacists educating children about over-the-counter medication safety. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 11(2), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2018.11.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2018.11.005

Afshary, P., Mohammadi, S., Najar, S., Pajohideh, Z., & Tabesh, H. (2015). Prevalence and Causes of Self-Medication in Pregnant Women Referring To Health Centers in Southern of Iran. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(2), 612. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(2).612-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(2).612-19

Al-Qahtani, M. F. (2013). Relationship between English Language, Learning Strategies, Attitudes, Motivation, and Students’ Academic Achievement. Education in Medicine Journal, 5(3), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.5959/eimj.v5i3.124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5959/eimj.v5i3.124

ALBashtawy, M., Batiha, A. M., Tawalbeh, L., Tubaishat, A., & AlAzzam, M. (2015). Self-Medication Among School Students. Journal of School Nursing, 31(2), 110–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840514554837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840514554837

Asokan, A. G., Varghese, V. A., & Rajeev, A. (2019). Internet addiction among medical students and its impact on academic performance: an Indian study. Journal of Medicine of Science Clinical Research, 7, 670–676. https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i3.122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i3.122

Ayalew, M. B. (2017). Self-medication practice in Ethiopia: A systematic review. Patient Preference and Adherence, 11, 401–413. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S131496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S131496

Boshhiha, A. M., Boshaiha, Z. M., Yousuf, A. T., & Sad, H. A. (2021). Use of over the counter medications among adolescents. J Pharm Pharm Sci, 1(4), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5805918.

Chautrakarn, S., Khumros, W., & Phutrakool, P. (2021). Self-Medication With Over-the-counter Medicines Among the Working Age Population in Metropolitan Areas of Thailand. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12(August), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.726643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.726643

Chowdhury, S., & Chakraborty, P. prati. (2017). Universal health coverage ‐ There is more to it than meets the eye. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 6(2), 169–170. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_13_17

Fekadu, G., Dugassa, D., Negera, G. Z., Woyessa, T. B., Turi, E., Tolossa, T., Fetensa, G., Assefa, L., Getachew, M., & Shibiru, T. (2020). Self-medication practices and associated factors among health-care professionals in selected hospitals of western ethiopia. Patient Preference and Adherence, 14, 353–361. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S244163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S244163

Hailemichael, W., Sisay, M., & Mengistu, G. (2016). Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Self-Medication Among Harar Health Sciences College Students, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v6i5.1329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v6i5.1329

Hughes, C. M., Mcelnay, J. C., & Fleming, G. F. (2001). Benefits and Risks of Self Medication. Drug Safety, 24(14). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200124140-00002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200124140-00002

Jember, E., Feleke, A., Debie, A., & Asrade, G. (2019). Self-medication practices and associated factors among households at Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Research Notes, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4195-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4195-2

Lee, C. H., Chang, F. C., Hsu, S. de., Chi, H. Y., Huang, L. J., & Yeh, M. K. (2017). Inappropriate self-medication among adolescents and its association with lower medication literacy and substance use. PLoS ONE, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189199

Lei, X., Jiang, H., Liu, C., Ferrier, A., & Mugavin, J. (2018). Self-medication practice and associated factors among residents in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010068

Mathias, E. G., D’Souza, A., & Prabhu, S. (2020). Self-Medication Practices among the Adolescent Population of South Karnataka, India. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9021819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9021819

Matson, K. L., Orr, K. K., Marino, C., & Cohen, L. (2019). The Effect of a Student Pharmacist Directed Health-Education Program for Elementary-School Children. Innovations in Pharmacy, 10(4), 6. https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i4.1457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i4.1457

Mohammed, S. A., Tsega, G., & Hailu, A. D. (2021). Self-medication practice and associated factors among health care professionals at debre markos comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, 13, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S290662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S290662

Noone, J., & Blanchette, C. M. (2018). The value of self-medication: summary of existing evidence. Journal of Medical Economics, 21(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2017.1390473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2017.1390473

Ouyang, F., & Scharber, C. (2017). The influences of an experienced instructor’s discussion design and facilitation on an online learning community development: A social network analysis study. Internet High. Educ., 35, 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.07.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.07.002

Parulekar, M., Mekoth, N., Ramesh, C., & Parulekar, A. (2016). Self-medication in Developing Countries a Systematic Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management, 4(2), 103–127. https://doi.org/10.15415/jptrm.2016.42007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15415/jptrm.2016.42007

Rehman, M., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, U., Tamanna, K., Shehryar Sabir, M., & Niaz, Z. (2021). An overview of self-medication: A major cause of antibiotic resistance and a threat to global public health. Journal of the Pakistan Medical, 71(3), 943–949. https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.1331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.1331

Savitri, A. R. E., Rahman, A., & Hermawan, Y. (2022). Pengaruh Kecemasan dan Motivasi Belajar dalam Pembelejaran Daring di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Hasil Belajar Sosiologi Siswa Kelas XII SMA Batik 1 Surakarta. JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan), 6(1), 2148–2155. https://doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v6i1.2569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v6i1.2569

Senok, A., John-Baptiste, A.-M., Al Heialy, S., Naidoo, N., Otaki, F., & Davis, D. (2022). Leveraging the Added Value of Experiential Co-Curricular Programs to Humanize Medical Education. Journal of Experiential Education, 45(2), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/10538259211021444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10538259211021444

Shafie, M., Eyasu, M., Muzeyin, K., Worku, Y., & Martín-Aragón, S. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of selfmedication practice among selected households in Addis Ababa community. PLoS ONE, 13(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194122

Suarez-Lledo, V., & Alvarez-Galvez, J. (2021). Prevalence of health misinformation on social media: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.2196/17187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/17187

Sürmelioğlu, N., Kıroğlu, O., T., E., & Y, K. (2015). Measures for Prevention of Irrational Drug Use. Archives Medical Review Journal, 24(4), 452–462. https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.64527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.64527

Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2019). Public health and online misinformation: Challenges and recommendations. Annual Review of Public Health, 41, 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094127

Syofyan, S., Dachriyanus, D., Masrul, M., & Rasyid, R. (2019). The knowledge and attitudes about the benefits, risks and use of medicine in aged primary students in Indonesia. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(11), 1860–1866. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.347

Wagner, J. L., Guilfoyle, S. M., Rausch, J., & Modi, A. C. (2015). Psychometric validation of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 in a pediatric population with epilepsy: A methods study. Epilepsy & Behavior, 51, 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.06.027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.06.027

Yin, C., He, X., Shen, K., Mu, X., & Tang, F. (2022). Knowledge and Behavior in Rational Drug Use Among College Students in Zunyi City. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 15, 121–131. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S347822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S347822

Yusransyah, Y., Stiani, S. N., & Zahroh, S. L. (2021). Pengabdian Masyarakat Tentang Dagusibu (Dapatkan, Gunakan, Simpan Dan Buang) Obat Dengan Benar di SMK LPKI Labuan Pandeglang. Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Kita, 1(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.33759/asta.v1i1.95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33759/asta.v1i1.95